Populocracy by Unknown

Author:Unknown
Language: eng
Format: epub
Published: 2019-11-20T16:00:00+00:00

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1.They provide a bridge between the seemingly contradictory elitism and the egalitarian collective appeal of much fascist doctrine. Populism is partly what grants fascism its more social aspects, thereby leading some scholars to declare it “neither right nor left”.

2.Calise & Mannheimer (1992) show that in the first 30 years of the regime, 37 ministers had served in at least five cabinets, whilst several had been involved in 12 cabinets, and one minister had served in 30. The persistence ratio between cabinets – that is, the number of ministers who retained a cabinet position between governments – was calculated at 57.7 per cent between 1946 and 1976.

3.Originally known as the Lega Lombarda, before joining a coalition with other northern regionalist parties to form the Lega Nord in 1991, the party became known as the Lega for the 2018 general elections under the leadership of Matteo Salvini. This was an attempt to build nationwide support for the party, rather than confine its political activity to the North of Italy.

4.See www.movimento5stelle.it (accessed 22 March 2019).

5.It is also worth noting that when Casaleggio died Grillo immediately appointed a five-person directorate (that included the movement’s current leader and Deputy prime minister, Luigi Di Maio). Six months later, in October of 2016, Grillo dissolved the directorate and appointed himself sole leader of the movement. Davide Casaleggio, Gian-Roberto’s son is heavily involved, as is Enrico Grillo, Beppe’s nephew. The actual organigramme of the movement, not to mention the details of its financial affairs are the subject of complete opacity and much speculation. They have given rise to several investigations that invariable go nowhere as the main protagonists seem to be relatively uninformed as to the legal framework of the structure of which they are a part. Grillo, in other words keeps an extremely tight leash on information and the party has been increasingly accused of betraying its civic and popular roots.

6.There are plenty of clips on the M5sParlamento YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/M5SParlamento (accessed 22 March 2019).

7.“Beppe’s Inferno”, The New Yorker, 4 February 2008; available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/02/04/beppes-inferno (accessed 14 September 2018).

8.BBC interview, 28 February 2013; available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21613939 (accessed 22 March 2019).

9.Cited in Bordignon & Ceccarini 2013.

10.It is worth mentioning that a lot of this rhetoric of building from the rubble of the “old” civilization is very reminiscent of fascist texts, including Julius Evola’s foundational Men Among the Ruins.

11.“Five Star Movement plans to ‘revolutionize democracy’ through online voting and e-petitions”, The Local, 5 April 2017; available at: https://www.thelocal.it/20170405/five-star-movement-plans-democracy-revolution (accessed 9 September 2017).

12.Beppe Grillo, BBC interview, 28 February 2013; available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21613939 (accessed 22 March 2019).

13.Grillo speaking at European Parliament in Strasbourg, July 2014; available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnthcaB1-CA (accessed 22 March 2019).

14.“Il ‘sortition’ di Grillo e gli statisti per caso”, Il Foglio, 29 June 2018; available at: https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2018/06/29/news/il-sortition-di-grillo-e-gli-statisti-per-caso-203032/ (accessed 10 September 2018).

15.See https://www.leganord.org/la-rivoluzione-del-buonsenso (accessed 22 March 2019).

16.See http://www.milanotoday.it/politica/foto-salvini-nudo-ebay-asta-beneficenza.html (accessed 22 March 2019).

17.Matteo Salvini, on Facebook, 3 August 2018.

18.The sheer volume of posts is also noteworthy: in 2015 whilst his online following was considerably lower (c.400,000) than it was during the 2018 election (2.

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